bo , na klas ubi obodo a mere site na ọnọdụ nke ngụkọta ala pore

bo , na klas ubi obodo a mere site na ọnọdụ nke ngụkọta ala pore ogologo mma n'ihi utịp -awụba n'oké osimiri na ala elu , na-akpata usIddetik.com Forum terbesar di indonesiaoro , na -echebe site na ọnụnọ nke kanopi / strata osisi. Ọ bụ ezie na ndozi na oru mbo nwere ala absorption ike , n'ihi na nke omume nke ala compaction na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ala kpuchie ụlọ ma ụzọ. Ikike nke Wetland o tinyere n'oru inundation elu e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ ala -eji n'ihi ya nke kpọdaa . Dị mmiri ozo na elu kpọdaa na 0.040 m bụ ewepụghị osikapa paddies ka ndida bụ 0,038 mita , a dị elu na ike jupụtara nwa oge site na mmiri na runoff tupu ya aga n'ime osimiri ahụ.Ọgụgụ 1. Nwere buffering ike nke mmiri ọtụtụ ụdị nke ala were na Citarum
Ọgụgụ 1. Nwere buffering ike nke mmiri ọtụtụ ụdị nke ala were na Citarum
Iche iche nke ụdị ala were na Citarum bụ nchikota nke ebe nke ọ bụla nụ were ke catchment uzo ( DTA ) na Citarum Jatiluhur downstream . Dị Wahyunto et ọc . ( 2002 ) ka a na-esote : tii ọkpọ ebe 10 971 ha ( 1.47 %) nke watershed na mpaghara na- 13.763.120 m3 mmiri buffering ike ; 7.767 ha nke roba n'ugbo na ( 1.04 % ) na 8.873.798 m3 mmiri buffering ike ; kennukwu shrub 52 571 ha ( 7.02 % ) na 33.277.443 m3 mmiri buffering ike ; kennukwu mbuaha ugbo 201 897 ha ( 26.98 %) na buffering ike nke mmiri 232 990 292 m3 ; ọtụtụ ebe akọ 116.753 ha ( 15.60 %) nke nwere buffering ike 56.158.193 m3 mmiri , mgbe akwa Wetland o tinyere n'oru ewepụghị ( ndida < 8 % ) bụ 142 467 ha ( 19.03 ha ) na ndi nwere mmiri buffering ikike nke 135.343.650 m3 ( Isiokwu 2).
Amụma na ya pụta na-egosi na nkezi dara nha nwere mmiri buffering ike ( DSP ) maka nonsawah ala 0.078 m mgbe ná nkezi nwere buffering ike nke mmiri na paddy n'ọhịa 0.094 mita ( tebụl 2 na nke 3 ). Nke a na -atụ aro na ịdị adị nke multifunctional mmiri Wetland o tinyere n'oru echekwa , ntụgharị , dị ka ọrụ nke iju mmiri ahụ akara . Otú ọ dị , ọ bụrụ na e nwere mgbanwe ala eji dịka osikapa n'ime ógbè ya niile ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na kepenggunaan , ọ ga- emetụta buffering ike nke mmiri nwere Wetland o tinyere n'oru .
Population ibu na ijeụkwụ mmepe dị iche iche ndi utịp ke mbịne ugbo ala gaa na-abụghị ugbo na ọrụ ( Soemarwoto , 1986 ). Ndị dị otú ahụ ga- emetụta Wetland o tinyere n'oru ọrụ dị ka echekwa - echete mmiri ozuzo runoff na sedimenti tupu ya rute akpa. Egosipụta na usoro nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Wetland o tinyere n'oru buffering ike nke mmiri na- Kursus SEO dan Internet Marketing Terbaik di Jakartaemetụta :

    Ịdị adị nke a gbatia nke paddy n'ubi ọnụnọ nke Wetland o tinyere n'oru watersheds n'ime a watershed ekpebi ike nke watershed iji kwado usoro nke elu mmiri. Nkọwa nke pụta n'ala were map na ubi chọpụtara , n'ubi Citarum egosi gbasasịa ke upstream , midstream , na downstream . N'ihi ya Wetland o tinyere n'oru nwere ike ije ozi dị ka echekwa mmiri runoff na sedimentation tupu ọkọbọ ke akpa.
    Sara mbara Wetland o tinyere n'oru n'ime a watershed Site 2002, ewepụghị osikapa n'ubi Citarum ( ngụkọta nke reservoirs Saguling , Cirata , Jatiluhur , na Citarum downstream ) bụ 142 467 ha ( 19.03 %) mmiri buffering ikike nke 135.343.650 m3 , mgbe ahụ ndida Wetland o tinyere n'oru bụ 57 518 ha ( 7.68 %) mmiri buffering ikike nke 53.606.776 m3 ( Isiokwu nke 3 ). Mgbanwe paddy n'ubi n'ime residential na ulo oru ebe ga belata buffering ike nke mmiri watershed budata .
    Wetland o tinyere n'oru akụkụ ( dum, akwa kpọdaa , na elu mmiri ibé ) Ke Citarum hụrụ na ubi elu kpọdaa ndida ( ndida > 8 %) ranged si 12,0 ka 27,3 cm ma ọ bụ 17,4 cm na , ná nkezi, mgbe mmiri ozo na ala ubi si 1,9 ka 7,4 cm ma ọ bụ 3,8 cm na, ná nkezi . Akwa kpọdaa ke ewepụghị osikapa ubi ( ndida < 8 % ) bụ 12.1 ka 23,9 cm ma ọ bụ 17,0 cm , ná nkezi, elu mmiri ibé 1.2 ka 5,6 cm ma ọ bụ 4,0 cm na, ná nkezi . Nke a pụtara na ihe dị iche na mmiri larịị ke paddy plots na elu sloping kpọdaa bụ 13,6 cm , ka ewepụghị osikapa n'ubi bụ 13,0 cm nke nwere ike jupụtara nwa oge site na mmiri ozuzo na - mmiri runoff tupu ya aga n'ime osimiri ma ọ bụ ebe ke idak na ike nakwa nabata sedimenti si n'ógbè dị n'elu ya. Mgbe buffering ike nke mmiri nwere Wetland o tinyere n'oru a gbakọọ ihe dabere na akụkụ nke teres ka Isiokwu nke 3, ọ hụrụ na ndị a tọghatara ma ọ bụ nchigharị nke paddy n'ubi n'ime residential na ulo oru na-emetụta olu mmiri nwere ike ẹkenịmde ntakịrị oge.
Buru amụma ịdị ukwuu iju mmiri akara ọrụ dabere na dara nha nkezi nke buffering ikike nke Wetland o tinyere n'oru na mmiri na nonsawah . Pụta gosiri na dabere na -ewu ụlọ na-eri , ike na afọ dam, nwetara site depreciation -efu : 0,265 ; 0,145 ; 0,045 , ndien 0,152 US $ / m3/year n'usoro maka dam Saguling , Cirata , Jatiluhur na Citarum downstream , mgbe nke soje mmezi -akwụ ụgwọ - nyere site na : 0,005 ; 0,008 ; 0,003 , ndien Gudang303 Agen Bola Resmi Promo 100% SBOBET IBCBET Jelang Piala Dunia 20140,005 US $ / m3/year ( Isiokwu nke 4 ).
Ọ bụrụ na ndị dị nụ Wetland o tinyere n'oru a ẹkekerede tụfuru ya ọrụ ka a echekwa - echete mmiri ozuzo runoff , mgbe ahụ na-eri nke a nnọchi ( nnọchi na-eri ) nke a ga- nọrọ iwu ịnọgide na dams ịnabata olu mmiri kwesịrị emeere otuonye nwa oge na ubi bu US $ 4.970 nde / afọ ( Isiokwu 5 ). Nke a pụtara na ọ bụrụ na dịbunụ Wetland o tinyere n'oru ma ọ bụ mba mgbanwe na ọrụ , o nwere ike ịzọpụta onu mwube nke nwa oge mmiri nchekwa akụrụngwa dị ka dams , ọdọ , wdg nke ± US $ 4.970 nde kwa afọ. Ya mere, ịdị adị nke dịbunụ Wetland o tinyere n'oru kwesịrị ka a nọgidere na-enwe , ma n'ihi na ọrụ ma eruba mmiri mmiri esite na-ebupụta , nakwa dị ka stabilization nchekwa erimeri , na a dịgasị iche iche na-elekọta mmadụ na aru, akụnụba na omenala.tt51
Mkpebi NA Aro ndị a tụrụ

    Ọnụnọ nke Wetland o tinyere n'oru Citarum ọma megide nwere buffering ike nke mmiri tụnyere ala nonsawah ( dabere na a dara nha nkezi nke : nke tii n'ugbo , roba n'ugbo , osisi , n'ogige mix, moo , residential + mmepụta ).
    Nkezi buffering nwere na Citarum mmiri paddy n'ọhịa 0.094 m ka dara nha nkezi nke nonsawah ala 0.078 m .
    Ufọk -anọchi ( nnọchi na-eri ) idei mmiri akara ọrụ ke Citarum mgbe okpụhọ n'ime nonsawah Wetland o tinyere n'oru bụ US $ 4,970 nde kwa afọ. Ndị a bụ akwụ ụgwọ nke a ga- niile metere wuo dam eweta ke ini ẹdude Wetland o tinyere n'oru ọrụ mgba ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-efu.
    Ịdị adị nke Wetland o tinyere n'oru Citarum kwesịrị ka a nọgidere na-enwe dị ka onye ọrụ nke esite na sedimentation , nakwa dị ka mgbalị stebilaiz nchekwa erimeri , karịsịa West Java .
References
Agus . F , Wahyunto , S. Sutono , S.H. Tala'ohu , na R. Nurmanaf . , 2001. Gburugburu ebe obibi na ụba ọrụ nke paddy ubi ( osikapa ) bụrKAISARBET.COM AGEN BOLA TERPERCAYA PIALA DUNIA 2014ụ watersheds na Java . Akuko nke Mbụ arụsi Ọrụ Group Nzukọ nke ASEAN - Japan Project na Multifunctionality nke Paddy ọrụ ugbo na ya akpata ke ASEAN Member Idụt ​​. Bali, Indonesia , 14-16 February 2001. Mgbakwunye 7. ( Unpublished )
Agus . F , Wahyunto , na Sidik H. Tala'ohu . 2002a . Multifunctional ọrụ paddy n'ubi bụrụ watersheds ke Java, Indonesia . Akuko nke Abụọ Ịrụ Ọrụ Group Nzukọ nke ASEAN - Japan Project na Multifunctionality nke Paddy ọrụ ugbo na ya akpata ke ASEAN Member Idụt ​​. Kuala lumpur , 27 February - 1 March 2002. Mgbakwunye 9. ( Unpublished )
Agus . F , R.L. Watung , H. Suganda , S.H. Tala'ohu , Sutono S. , na R. Nurmanaf . 2002b . Multifunctionality na nkwado na ugbo ke Citarum River bezin , West Java . Nke abụọ Akuko nke ọkachamara Nzukọ nke ASEAN - Japan Project na Multifunctionality nke Paddy ọrụ ugbo na akpata ke ASEAN Member Idụt ​​. Ha Noi , Viet Nam , 7-9 August 2002. Mgbakwunye 12 ( Unpublished )